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CFA Level II Updated
How does the supply-side model estimate the equity risk premium and why is it preferred by some practitioners?
The supply-side model builds the expected equity return from the fundamental sources of equity returns rather than extrapolating past realized returns. This decomposition...
What are the key differences between survey-based and historical equity risk premium estimates?
The equity risk premium is the excess return investors require for holding equities over risk-free assets. The two most common estimation approaches -- historical and...
What is equity duration and why do growth stocks have higher duration than value stocks?
Equity duration measures the sensitivity of a stock's price to changes in interest rates. It borrows the fixed-income concept but applies it to the stream of expected...
How do you reverse-engineer the implied growth rate from a P/E ratio?
You can reverse-engineer the implied growth rate by using the Gordon Growth Model rearranged for the P/E ratio. Forward P/E = (1 - b) / (r - g), solving for g...
How do you calculate the market-implied expected return using a reverse DCF approach?
A market-implied expected return takes the current market price as given and solves for the discount rate that equates the present value of expected cash flows to that...
What is the Abnormal Earnings Growth (AEG) model and how does it differ from the residual income model?
The Abnormal Earnings Growth model values equity based on capitalized next-period earnings plus the present value of future abnormal earnings growth. While the RI model...
How do you value a company using residual income when ROE is expected to change over time?
When ROE is expected to change, you build a multi-stage residual income model with explicit forecasts for each period where ROE differs, then apply a terminal value...
What is the clean surplus relation and why is it critical for the residual income model?
The clean surplus relation states that ending book value equals beginning book value plus net income minus dividends. This relationship is the mathematical foundation...
How does construction contract revenue recognition differ between the CPA (US GAAP) and CFA (IFRS) perspectives?
Both IFRS 15 and ASC 606 converged significantly on construction contract accounting, but subtle differences remain that matter for cross-border financial analysis...
How does IFRS 15 distinguish SaaS revenue from on-premise software license revenue?
The distinction hinges on whether the customer receives a right to access the software (SaaS) or a right to use the software (on-premise license). This classification...
How are franchise fees allocated across performance obligations under IFRS 15?
Under IFRS 15, a franchisor must identify each distinct performance obligation in the franchise agreement and allocate the total transaction price across them based on...
When does a consignor recognize revenue in a consignment arrangement under IFRS 15?
In a consignment arrangement, the consignor ships goods to the consignee but retains control until the consignee sells the goods to an end customer. Under IFRS 15...
What are the bill-and-hold revenue recognition criteria under IFRS 15?
A bill-and-hold arrangement is one where the seller invoices the customer but retains physical possession at the customer's request. Under IFRS 15, revenue CAN be...
How does the variable consideration constraint work in IFRS 15 revenue recognition?
Under IFRS 15 Step 3, when the transaction price includes variable consideration (bonuses, penalties, rebates, royalties), the entity must estimate the amount and then...
What triggers a reassessment of the lease term under IFRS 16 and how does it affect the liability?
Under IFRS 16, a lessee must reassess the lease term when a significant event or change in circumstances occurs that is within the lessee's control and affects whether...
How does an intermediate lessor classify a sublease under IFRS 16?
Under IFRS 16, an intermediate lessor classifies a sublease by reference to the right-of-use asset arising from the head lease, NOT the underlying asset itself...
What happens when a sale-leaseback fails the sale criteria under IFRS 15 and how is it reported?
When a sale-leaseback fails the sale recognition criteria under IFRS 15, both parties treat the arrangement as a financing transaction rather than a sale followed by...
How are lease incentives accounted for under IFRS 16 and what impact do they have on the right-of-use asset?
Under IFRS 16, lease incentives received by the lessee reduce the initial measurement of the right-of-use (ROU) asset. They do NOT create a separate deferred income...
What is a distressed exchange in high yield markets and how does it affect bondholders?
A distressed exchange is a transaction where a financially struggling issuer offers existing bondholders new securities ...
Why does the OAS on callable bonds widen in certain environments, and how should analysts interpret it?
The option-adjusted spread (OAS) on a callable bond represents the credit spread after removing the value of the embedde...
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