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What is elastic net and when is it better than pure LASSO?
Elastic net blends LASSO's L1 penalty with ridge's L2 penalty. It addresses LASSO's behavior with correlated predictors via the grouping effect.
How does LASSO do automatic variable selection and what's the intuition?
LASSO minimizes the sum of squared residuals plus a penalty proportional to the sum of absolute values of coefficients.
How do I assess cash flow adequacy for credit purposes?
Cash flow adequacy assessed via FFO/Interest >4x IG, FFO/Debt >20% IG, (EBITDA-Capex)/Interest >2x, and debt amortization coverage >1x. For Lumberton: FFO/Interest 4.3x, FFO/Debt 18.4%, amortization coverage 1.67x — adequate BB+/BBB-...
How do range, variance, standard deviation, and MAD relate to each other?
Standard deviation and variance are squared-deviation measures ideal for normal distributions; MAD is more robust to outliers but less analytically tractable.
What are the main measures of central tendency and when should each be used?
Mean is best for symmetric data, median for skewed data with outliers, and mode for categorical variables — choice depends on distribution shape.
How do I account for embedded derivatives in hybrid financial instruments?
Under IFRS 9, financial asset hybrids are not bifurcated (classified as FVTPL if SPPI fails). Liability and non-financial hybrids still follow IAS 39-style bifurcation when the three separation criteria are met.
How do LPs assess PE investment team quality?
Team quality is assessed via attribution, retention, carry distribution, sourcing, cohesion, and bench depth, not just IRR.
How do I measure switching costs as an economic moat?
Switching costs are procedural, financial, relational, and learning barriers. Measure via win-back survey reasons, price elasticity, net revenue retention, and implementation cost. High retention with low elasticity confirms the moat...
How do network effects create moats in platform businesses?
Network effects come in four types: direct, indirect/cross-side, data, and local. Cross-side platforms like Tessera reinforce when more of one side attracts more of the other. Quantify via take rate stability, cohort retention, and time-to-liquidity...
What is a recovery lock CDS and why would an investor want one?
A recovery lock CDS fixes the recovery rate at contract inception rather than determining it by post-default auction, eliminating payout uncertainty...
How should I evaluate a single-premium immediate annuity (SPIA) for a retiree?
A SPIA converts a lump-sum premium into guaranteed lifetime income starting within 12 months of purchase.
What's the difference between static and dynamic factor exposures?
Static factor exposures are held roughly constant through systematic rebalancing. Dynamic exposures vary based on signals or market conditions...
What shift magnitude should I use for key rate and factor risk measurement?
Use 1 bp for daily risk reporting, 50-200 bp for scenarios, and prescribed shifts for regulatory capital. Don't scale 1 bp linearly for large shocks.
What is quasi-Monte Carlo and when does it beat regular Monte Carlo?
Quasi-Monte Carlo replaces pseudo-random numbers with deterministic low-discrepancy sequences that fill space more uniformly. Standard MC error converges at 1/sqrt(N)...
How do I interpret Net Operating Asset Turnover trends?
NOAT drop from 1.8x to 1.2x indicates asset bloat — Pyrite's NOA grew 62% on 8% sales growth, suggesting premature capacity, working capital build, or underperforming acquisitions. Decompose by PP&E, working capital, and intangibles.
How do you manage an Independent Individualist?
The Independent Individualist (II) has moderate-to-high risk tolerance and cognitive biases — overconfidence, confirmation, self-attribution. Example: Dr. Amara Okonkwo-Barrett. Advisor approach: ADAPT, challenge with data — 70% passive core, 30% client-directed tactical budget, evidence-based challenging, track record documentation...
What is Buffett's owner earnings formula and how does it differ from FCFE?
Owner earnings is Buffett's alternative cash profit measure...
How do value investors use free cash flow yield?
Free cash flow yield equals free cash flow per share divided by current share price...
What is the difference between an asset sale and a stock sale in M&A?
Asset sale: buyer gets step-up in basis but seller pays double tax. Stock sale: buyer inherits basis and all liabilities.
What makes an acquisition accretive or dilutive to EPS?
Accretive means pro forma EPS rises; dilutive means it falls. But accretion doesn't equal value creation.
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